The Brazilian federal government has implemented a three-level priority system for minerals considered critical and strategic in the country. This initiative aims to direct state actions in the sector and strengthen national industrial capacity, placing special focus on raw materials essential for energy transition, technological advancement, and national security.
The determination was formalized through Decree No. 13,146, signed by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) and the Minister of Mines and Energy, Alexandre Silveira. The regulation was published in an extra edition of the Official Gazette of the Union (DOU) on Wednesday (4), defining the parameters for categorizing mineral resources.
On Thursday (5), the National Council for the Industrialization of Critical and Strategic Minerals (CIMCE) validated a list containing 27 minerals, which were distributed across the three established priority classes.
The classification adopted by the council is based on five crucial elements: the geopolitical risk associated with the minerals, the global supply distribution, the feasibility of substitution with other materials, Brazil's position within the production chain, and the level of dependence on international suppliers.
The list approved by the council organizes the minerals into three groups: Class 1, with high priority; Class 2, with medium priority; and Class 3, with low priority. However, the inclusion of minerals such as niobium and iron ore in the third category does not imply a loss of economic relevance, given that the classification also considers Brazil's participation in world production and the degree of external dependence.
The decree establishes clear distinctions between the categories. For a mineral to be classified as critical, it must be vital for important economic sectors, present supply vulnerabilities, and pose a significant risk to the country in case of shortage. This analysis covers import dependence, the concentration of global production in a few nations, geopolitical conflicts, sanctions, trade barriers, and technological challenges. Furthermore, the government must weigh the possibility of finding substitutes for the material.
Additionally, the environmental impact of mineral extraction is part of the evaluation. Factors such as water availability, effects on communities and territories, susceptibility to climatic events, as well as recycling and waste utilization options, are considered.
Conversely, a mineral is considered strategic if it has considerable reserves in Brazil and is relevant to at least one of the following purposes: generating a trade surplus, boosting technological development, fostering regional growth, or assisting in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is possible for the same substance to receive dual classification, being both critical and strategic, provided it meets the requirements of both categories.
This division aims to guide the implementation of the National Policy for Critical and Strategic Minerals (PNMCE). The strategy seeks to increase Brazil's participation in global production chains, encouraging not only extraction but also the domestic beneficiation, refining, and industrial transformation of these raw materials.
The foreseen mechanisms include funding offers and guarantees for sector projects, along with initiatives focused on mineral processing and technological innovation. However, the classification itself does not automatically guarantee tax benefits, financing, or permits for enterprises; companies remain subject to legal requirements pertinent to each instrument.
The Ministry of Mines and Energy will be responsible for developing the technical studies supporting this classification. The list is scheduled to be reviewed ordinarily every four years, although the council has the prerogative to conduct extraordinary reviews.