Brazilian fossil reveals structures similar to red blood cells and chemical traces of dinosaur hemoglobin

Scientists recently announced the identification of a new species of dinosaur whose remains were discovered in 2001 in southern England. This fossil, named Paludohadros proudlovii, belongs to the group of iguanodontians—herbivorous dinosaurs that were widespread during the Cretaceous period, approximately between 145 and 66 million years ago.

The identification was conducted by paleontologist Ricardo Sacamonto, a researcher from the Paleontology Laboratory of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo (FFCLRP/USP), who worked as part of a team led by Professor Max Langer.

The study, published on Tuesday (the 26th), details the new genus and new species of dinosaur based on remains found in the Smokejacks Brickworks area in southern England. These materials are housed at the Natural History Museum in London, where Sacamonto conducts his research.

During a re-evaluation of the specimen, the researcher discovered characteristic features that allowed it to be classified as a new species—Paludohadros proudlovii. According to Sacamonto, this was an herbivorous dinosaur that existed in the Lower Cretaceous period, over 100 million years ago, within the Barremian interval (approximately between 125.77 and 121.4 million years ago). Its fossils were found in the Weald Clay formation, a geological layer recording the ancient landscapes of southern England.

This finding is significant because it is the first iguanodontian—a bipedal herbivorous dinosaur—described specifically for this locality and geological layer. Although other dinosaurs of this group were previously known in the wider Weald Basin, they originated from older geological strata. Thus, the discovery expands the understanding of the diversity of these herbivores at the beginning of the Cretaceous period, notes Sacamonto.

Even as a juvenile specimen, Paludohadros proudlovii was a large animal. The researcher reported that the studied specimen weighed about 1.5 tons and was approximately four meters long, comparable to the size of a rhinoceros. Since it is a young individual, it is impossible to determine the maximum size this species could have reached; however, it is hypothesized that fully developed adults could reach lengths of six to eight meters and weigh twice as much as the analyzed specimen.

The species identification was made possible by analyzing specific anatomical features of the fossils, including jaw structures, limbs, pelvis, and legs. Among the observed features were tooth details, bony protrusions, and growths on various parts of the skeleton. Sacamonto emphasizes that the combination of these traits 'allowed the animal to be distinguished from other described iguanodontians.'

Paludohadros proudlovii was described by paleontologists as representing an 'early divergence,' as it belongs to an evolutionary group of dinosaurs that separated from other lineages at relatively early stages of evolutionary history. In the researchers' opinion, this study helps to understand how 'different groups of iguanodontians diversified throughout the Cretaceous period.'

The name Paludohadros proudlovii is related to the place of discovery. The specific designation proudlovii is a tribute to William Proudlove, the brickworks manager who worked at the quarry where the fossil was found. Proudlove died at the age of 35 shortly after the material was extracted.

This choice reflects the connection between the history of the specimen and the people involved in its discovery, while also highlighting the importance of paleontological collections. Sacamonto added that 'fossils extracted decades ago can continue to reveal new information with deeper study and comparison with other materials.'

The description of Paludohadros proudlovii is part of a broader study of iguanodontians preserved at the Natural History Museum in London. Sacamonto plans to dedicate the next four years of his doctoral dissertation to re-evaluating other specimens of this group held in the museum. He optimistically predicts that 'the chance of finding new species is quite high,' given the large amount of material yet to be studied. Some of these fossils may belong to the newly discovered species, while other specimens might reveal characteristics that help identify new species.

In addition to expanding knowledge about herbivorous dinosaurs inhabiting Great Britain, this research demonstrates how the reassessment of scientific collections can change the perception of the diversity of animals that inhabited Earth in the past. The fossil, discovered in 2001 but only now identified as belonging to a new species, proves that museum collections still hold important information about the evolution of life.

The research was funded by the Bepe Program (Scholarship for External Research Stays) of the São Paulo State Research Foundation (Fapesp). The article 'A new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Smokejacks Brickworks, southern England' was published in the Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.

Near the end of a scientific expedition conducted in northern Peru, Brazilian and Peruvian researchers located traces of animals that lived on Earth millions of years before the emergence of humans. Among these findings, a very rare dinosaur bone stood out, surprising the scientists.

This fossil, identified as possibly the femur of a titanosaur, was found in July 2026 in the area of Bagua Grande, located approximately one thousand kilometers from Lima. The research involved the collaboration of specialists from the State University of Campinas (Unicamp).

Geologist Alessandro Batezelli, from Unicamp, commented that finding such a large and well-preserved fossil is an extraordinary feat, comparable to winning the lottery.

Titanosaurs were herbivorous dinosaurs notable for their long necks and enormous size, although questions remain about the animal to which this bone belonged.

An expedition, different discoveries

In addition to the possible titanosaur femur, scientists also recovered crocodile fossils, including a skull that, according to Batezelli, was unprecedented in that location. For Batezelli, the discovery of the dinosaur bone at the end of the work was a cause for celebration, and the material was publicly displayed for the first time through the EPTV report.

What happens after finding a fossil?

Locating the fossil in the field is only one phase of the paleontologists' work. Before any study, the material requires meticulous preparation, as fossils are found still encased in the rocks where they were preserved. It is essential to remove this rock matrix to expose the structures that will be subjected to analysis.

Paleontologist Max Cardoso Langer, from USP Ribeirão Preto, detailed that this process consists of removing the rock to allow for the fossil's analysis, aiming to determine if it is a new species or not, in addition to examining its anatomical characteristics.

This detailed analysis is what can offer more information about the dinosaur found in Peru and help scientists understand the fauna that inhabited that region.

For the researchers, investigating the extinct animals of Earth also serves as a way to understand the transformations undergone by the planet. Langer reflected that the Earth is not static, but rather a body that has undergone countless changes in the past and will continue to change in the future.

Millions of years separate dinosaurs from humanity, a period during which various species emerged, disappeared, and gave rise to new forms of life. The bone found in Peru is another element of this past that science seeks to reconstruct, and, as Batezelli pointed out, there is much more to be discovered.