Researchers from IISc created an inexpensive device using 3D printing. This model is designed to help scientists understand why anticancer drugs lose effectiveness in deeper parts of solid tumors.
One method to overcome this limitation is the 'Cell-in-Gel-on-Paper' (CiGiP) model. Within this model, cancer cells enclosed in a gel are cultured on folded layers of paper.
Theranostics is a method that combines imaging techniques and targeted cancer treatment. This term originates from the words 'therapy' and 'diagnostics,' and its earliest example is the use of radioactive iodine in thyroid cancer, which began in the 1940s.
Simply put, this approach seeks a biological feature present in large quantities within tumor cells. A molecule capable of recognizing this target binds with a radioactive substance. This allows visualization methods to show exactly where the tumor is located. If the lesions exhibit the desired characteristic and the patient is suitable for treatment, the same characteristic can be used to deliver radiation directly to them.
Significant progress in recent years is due, among other things, to the identification of new targets and the development of radioisotopes suitable for therapy. Besides thyroid cancer, theranostics is already being applied to neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer.
One of the key targets is PSMA—a protein found in higher amounts in tumor cells than in normal tissues. An MRI scan (PET) can show which lesions uptake the molecule directed at PSMA and with what intensity. In selected patients, the same target can be used to deliver lutetium-177, which emits beta radiation, to the affected areas of the disease.
Marcelo Araujo Queiroz, nuclear medicine and theranostics manager at Einstein Hospital Israelita, explains: 'Today, imaging is an integral part of treatment. And it is not necessary for prostate cancer diagnosis to express PSMA.'
Tumors classified similarly do not necessarily have identical characteristics. Differences can arise even within one person, as some metastases may contain more target marker than others. In addition to determining the presence of the desired characteristic in a lesion, studies are beginning to be used to gather information on whether the intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake can help predict response to treatment.
Although theranostics is a personalized approach due to the selection of targets and patients, the amount of radioisotope administered in some treatments remains standardized. This is an open question. Queiroz asks: 'Is four cycles enough to deliver the necessary dose to the tumor in some patients? Or will others require eight cycles to achieve the required radiation?'
One possible solution is adjusting the dose based on the actual amount of radiation absorbed by the lesions and healthy tissues of each individual, which is called dosimetry. This assessment is already performed in specialized centers, especially outside Brazil. However, its application to determine the amount of radioactive material administered and the number of treatment cycles has not yet become widespread practice and requires more scientific evidence.
Another area of research focuses on combining theranostics with other forms of treatment. Among these possibilities are combination with immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as the use of different types of radioisotopes during treatment.
Expanding the capabilities of theranostics is the focus of the Center for Oncology Innovation with emphasis on metals and theranostics (CancerThera) in São Paulo, funded by Fapesp. During the first three years of the project, researchers studied over a thousand patients using imaging to assess the presence of PSMA in various tumors and to test the ability of lesions to uptake molecules directed at this target.
The assessments revealed significant discrepancies not only between patients with the same type of cancer but also between different areas of the disease in the same individual. 'Some tumors demonstrate greater affinity, meaning high marker uptake, in some patients and not in others. This characteristic can also vary between different areas of the tumor,' states the lead researcher and physician-oncologist Carmine Antonio de Souza, Professor at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas (FCM/Unicamp).
The results are being analyzed to understand how PSMA can be used beyond prostate cancer. Souza explains that although it was initially described as a marker associated with the prostate, PSMA can also be linked to neoangiogenesis—the process of forming new blood vessels—and can be found in other tumors.
At Einstein Hospital, theranostics is viewed as an assistant throughout the entire patient treatment journey. Marcelo Queiroz reports: 'We have infrastructure specifically focused on this area, with state-of-the-art PET-CT and SPECT-CT equipment, as well as various software for image analysis. We are also starting to implement artificial intelligence tools in this process.'
One question under investigation is how theranostics can be used in earlier stages of cancer. As with the development of other treatments, initial studies usually include patients with advanced disease and limited alternatives. Subsequent studies must evaluate toxicity, determine response, and compare new strategies with already used treatment methods.
According to the Unicamp professor, applying this approach in earlier stages still depends on a deeper understanding of tumor biology, images related to each type of cancer, various tracers, and radiopharmaceuticals that can be used. The researcher also points to collaboration between Brazilian and international centers as one way to accelerate this process.
The availability of radioactive materials is one of the obstacles noted by researchers for expanding theranostics in Brazil. Some of the isotopes used or studied need to be imported, which affects the cost and accessibility of treatment.
One opportunity to reduce external dependence is the Brazilian Multipurpose Reactor (RMB), scheduled to start in 2030 in rural São Paulo. According to Marcelo Queiroz, this facility will increase national production of radioisotopes such as lutetium-177 and ensure greater supply security. He concludes: 'Today, isotopes are imported in Brazil. This reactor could give us autonomy in the production of certain radioactive isotopes.'
The necessary infrastructure goes beyond the availability of radiopharmaceuticals. Patient selection depends on nuclear medicine studies that can show whether the tumor has the desired target. Other examinations may be required after treatment to monitor radiation distribution and its effects.
Targeting treatment to characteristics present in the tumor does not mean that only cancer cells receive radiation. Healthy tissues can also take up some of the radiopharmaceutical. For example, in PSMA-targeted treatment, salivary glands also show uptake, and some patients suffer from xerostomia, characterized by reduced saliva production.
Kidneys and bone marrow are other structures that may require monitoring, depending on the radiopharmaceutical used and the location of the lesions. In the case of treating neuroendocrine tumors with lutetium-DOTATATE, for instance, amino acids may be administered to protect the kidneys, and stimulating urination promotes faster excretion of the radioactive substance.
Nanotechnology is opening new possibilities for breast cancer treatment by improving drug delivery, overcoming chemoresistance, and reducing damage to healthy cells.
Breast cancer remains a serious global health issue, as patients often face recurrence, drug resistance, and severe side effects from treatment. Standard chemotherapy affects rapidly dividing cells but can also damage healthy tissues, including bone marrow, gastrointestinal lining, and hair follicles. Furthermore, cancer cells are capable of developing multidrug resistance (MDR) by activating molecular pumps that expel drugs before they can take effect.
Chaudhry noted that 'cancers are very difficult, complex, and diverse.' He explained that chemotherapeutic agents often affect both cancerous and healthy cells, which complicates targeted action on tumors without significant side effects.
Chaudhry heads the International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS) at the University of Karachi, and also serves as Vice President of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and coordinates the Islamic Organization for Scientific and Technological Cooperation Permanent Committee (COMSTECH).
Receiving the Mustafa Prize was a turning point in his scientific career, providing new momentum and focus. Since then, his research group has paid increased attention to innovative methods for treating breast cancer and smarter drug delivery technologies.
Nanocarriers represent one promising approach: they encapsulate therapeutic compounds in microscopic particles that protect the drugs from premature degradation and release them more effectively directly into tumor sites. These systems can utilize passive targeting, which leverages the enhanced permeability of tumor blood vessels, or active targeting, where antibodies, peptides, or other molecules help nanoparticles bind to cancer cell receptors.
According to Chaudhry, nanoparticles can contribute to both the discovery of new drugs and the more precise administration of existing ones, potentially increasing their efficacy while limiting harmful side effects.
One promising strategy is the use of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)—a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer widely studied for controlled drug delivery. The addition of TPGS, an Vitamin E derivative, can further help counteract drug resistance by interfering with energy-dependent mechanisms that cancer cells use to expel chemotherapeutic agents.
Researchers are also studying nanoparticles coated with natural cell membranes to help them evade immune clearance and accumulate more effectively in tumors. Thrombocyte membranes are particularly promising because their surface proteins can promote tumor targeting. A 2025 preclinical study showed higher uptake of PLGA nanoparticles loaded with bufalin and coated with thrombocyte membranes by tumor cells compared to uncoated particles.
These advancements may be particularly valuable in the fight against triple-negative breast cancer—an aggressive subtype that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, limiting traditional options for targeted therapy. Nanoparticle-based systems that respond to local tumor conditions can offer alternative ways of drug delivery without dependence on these receptors.
Despite the encouraging prospects, serious challenges remain. Ensuring stable production of thrombocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles at a clinical scale is difficult, and incomplete membrane coverage remains a concern. Such technologies must overcome manufacturing and regulatory barriers before routine clinical application becomes possible.
Chaudhry emphasizes that although more selective treatment methods are available, no drug currently offers absolute specificity to the disease. Nevertheless, the integration of molecular biology, nanotechnology, and medicinal chemistry may bring researchers closer to creating safer and more effective treatments for cancer, which has long resisted traditional therapy.
An experimental immunotherapy method has shown preliminary signs of activity against tumors that do not respond to other treatments. These results were presented at an international clinical trial conducted by scientists from the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto and published today in the scientific journal Nature Medicine.
The researcher, who is also a professor of medicine at the University of Toronto, emphasized that the data obtained are preliminary and require confirmation in larger studies, but she considers the responses observed in some patients with limited therapeutic options encouraging.
The first phase of the START001 trial evaluated the experimental drug 'invikafusp alfa'. This drug is designed for the selective stimulation of two subgroups of T-lymphocytes, designated as Vβ6 and Vβ10, which constitute about 10% of immune system cells. According to researchers, this approach aims to concentrate the immune response specifically on cells potentially involved in fighting cancer, while avoiding excessive activation of the entire immune system. However, it has not yet been proven that this method reduces side effects.
Fifty-eight volunteers participated in the study across 10 oncology centers located in Canada, France, Spain, and the United States. The main analysis covered 52 patients with 21 different types of late-stage solid tumors. Among the 27 participants who were assigned doses for further study, four (14.8%) demonstrated an objective response, meaning a sufficient reduction in tumors to meet established clinical criteria.
In the same group, 12 patients (44.4%) recorded some degree of tumor reduction, including cases that did not meet the criteria for classification as an objective response. Regarding 18 patients whose cancers had stopped responding to previous immunotherapies, 12 of them (66.7%) achieved disease control, defined as tumor shrinkage or stabilization.
Positive reactions were noted across various types of cancer, including some forms of colorectal and lung cancer, in situations where existing immunotherapies may have limitations. Researchers also observed selective expansion of target T-lymphocytes in blood and tumors, but they stressed that the small size and diversity of the sample do not allow for definitive conclusions about efficacy, duration of response, or comparative safety.
Phase two of the trial is currently underway and is expected to provide new data on the anti-tumor activity of this treatment. The development of this drug is funded by Marengo Therapeutics, where Lilian Siu serves as a consultant and holds a capital stake.
